diff --git a/lib/application.js b/lib/application.js
index e931a30..cd3d3fb 100644
--- a/lib/application.js
+++ b/lib/application.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 const debug = require('debug-ms')('koa:application');
 const onFinished = require('./onfinish');
 const response = require('./response');
-const compose = require('koa-compose');
+const compose = require('./compose');
 const isJSON = require('./isjson');
 const context = require('./context');
 const request = require('./request');
diff --git a/lib/compose.js b/lib/compose.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87433d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/compose.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/**
+ * Lifted from koa-compose package.
+ */
+
+'use strict';
+
+/**
+ * Compose `middleware` returning
+ * a fully valid middleware comprised
+ * of all those which are passed.
+ *
+ * @param {Array} middleware
+ * @return {Function}
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function compose(middleware) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(middleware)) throw new TypeError('Middleware stack must be an array!');
+  for (const fn of middleware) {
+    if (typeof fn !== 'function') throw new TypeError('Middleware must be composed of functions!');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param {Object} context
+   * @return {Promise}
+   * @api public
+   */
+
+  return function(context, next) {
+    // last called middleware #
+    let index = -1;
+    return dispatch(0);
+    function dispatch(i) {
+      if (i <= index) return Promise.reject(new Error('next() called multiple times'));
+      index = i;
+      let fn = middleware[i];
+      if (i === middleware.length) fn = next;
+      if (!fn) return Promise.resolve();
+      try {
+        return Promise.resolve(fn(context, dispatch.bind(null, i + 1)));
+      } catch (err) {
+        return Promise.reject(err);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Expose compositor.
+ */
+
+module.exports = compose;
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index bfe7ea0..dd502ce 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
     "debug-ms": "~4.1.2",
     "fresh": "~0.5.2",
     "http-errors-lite": "^2.0.2",
-    "koa-compose": "^4.1.0",
     "type-is": "^1.6.16"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/test/utils/compose.js b/test/utils/compose.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a82c32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/utils/compose.js
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+'use strict';
+
+/* eslint-env jest */
+
+const compose = require('../../lib/compose');
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+function wait(ms){
+  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms || 1));
+}
+
+function isPromise(x){
+  return x && typeof x.then === 'function';
+}
+
+describe('Koa Compose', () => {
+  it('should work', async() => {
+    const arr = [];
+    const stack = [];
+
+    stack.push(async(context, next) => {
+      arr.push(1);
+      await wait(1);
+      await next();
+      await wait(1);
+      arr.push(6);
+    });
+
+    stack.push(async(context, next) => {
+      arr.push(2);
+      await wait(1);
+      await next();
+      await wait(1);
+      arr.push(5);
+    });
+
+    stack.push(async(context, next) => {
+      arr.push(3);
+      await wait(1);
+      await next();
+      await wait(1);
+      arr.push(4);
+    });
+
+    await compose(stack)({});
+    assert.deepEqual(arr, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+  });
+
+  it('should be able to be called twice', () => {
+    let stack = [];
+
+    stack.push(async(context, next) => {
+      context.arr.push(1);
+      await wait(1);
+      await next();
+      await wait(1);
+      context.arr.push(6);
+    });
+
+    stack.push(async(context, next) => {
+      context.arr.push(2);
+      await wait(1);
+      await next();
+      await wait(1);
+      context.arr.push(5);
+    });
+
+    stack.push(async(context, next) => {
+      context.arr.push(3);
+      await wait(1);
+      await next();
+      await wait(1);
+      context.arr.push(4);
+    });
+
+    const fn = compose(stack);
+    const ctx1 = { arr: [] };
+    const ctx2 = { arr: [] };
+    const out = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+
+    return fn(ctx1).then(() => {
+      assert.deepEqual(out, ctx1.arr);
+      return fn(ctx2);
+    }).then(() => {
+      assert.deepEqual(out, ctx2.arr);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should only accept an array', () => {
+    let err;
+    try {
+      compose();
+      throw new Error('should not be called');
+    } catch (e) {
+      err = e;
+    }
+    return assert(err instanceof TypeError);
+  });
+
+  it('should create next functions that return a Promise', () => {
+    const stack = [];
+    const arr = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      stack.push((context, next) => {
+        arr.push(next());
+      });
+    }
+
+    compose(stack)({});
+
+    for (let next of arr) {
+      assert(isPromise(next), 'one of the functions next is not a Promise');
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should work with 0 middleware', () => {
+    return compose([])({});
+  });
+
+  it('should only accept middleware as functions', () => {
+    let err;
+    try {
+      compose([{}]);
+      throw new Error('should not be called');
+    } catch (e) {
+      err = e;
+    }
+    return assert(err instanceof TypeError);
+  });
+
+  it('should work when yielding at the end of the stack', async() => {
+    let stack = [];
+    let called = false;
+
+    stack.push(async(ctx, next) => {
+      await next();
+      called = true;
+    });
+
+    await compose(stack)({});
+    assert(called);
+  });
+
+  it('should reject on errors in middleware', () => {
+    let stack = [];
+
+    stack.push(() => { throw new Error(); });
+
+    return compose(stack)({})
+      .then(() => {
+        throw new Error('promise was not rejected');
+      })
+      .catch(e => {
+        assert(e instanceof Error);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('should work when yielding at the end of the stack with yield*', () => {
+    let stack = [];
+
+    stack.push(async(ctx, next) => {
+      await next;
+    });
+
+    return compose(stack)({});
+  });
+
+  it('should keep the context', () => {
+    const ctx = {};
+
+    const stack = [];
+
+    stack.push(async(ctx2, next) => {
+      await next();
+      assert.strictEqual(ctx2, ctx);
+    });
+
+    stack.push(async(ctx2, next) => {
+      await next();
+      assert.strictEqual(ctx2, ctx);
+    });
+
+    stack.push(async(ctx2, next) => {
+      await next();
+      assert.strictEqual(ctx2, ctx);
+    });
+
+    return compose(stack)(ctx);
+  });
+
+  it('should catch downstream errors', async() => {
+    const arr = [];
+    const stack = [];
+
+    stack.push(async(ctx, next) => {
+      arr.push(1);
+      try {
+        arr.push(6);
+        await next();
+        arr.push(7);
+      } catch (err) {
+        arr.push(2);
+      }
+      arr.push(3);
+    });
+
+    stack.push(async(ctx, next) => {
+      arr.push(4);
+      throw new Error();
+    });
+
+    await compose(stack)({});
+    assert.deepEqual(arr, [1, 6, 4, 2, 3]);
+  });
+
+  it('should compose w/ next', () => {
+    let called = false;
+
+    return compose([])({}, async() => {
+      called = true;
+    }).then(() => {
+      assert(called);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should handle errors in wrapped non-async functions', () => {
+    const stack = [];
+
+    stack.push(() => {
+      throw new Error();
+    });
+
+    return compose(stack)({}).then(() => {
+      throw new Error('promise was not rejected');
+    }).catch(e => {
+      assert(e instanceof Error);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // https://github.com/koajs/compose/pull/27#issuecomment-143109739
+  it('should compose w/ other compositions', () => {
+    let called = [];
+
+    return compose([
+      compose([
+        (ctx, next) => {
+          called.push(1);
+          return next();
+        },
+        (ctx, next) => {
+          called.push(2);
+          return next();
+        }
+      ]),
+      (ctx, next) => {
+        called.push(3);
+        return next();
+      }
+    ])({}).then(() => assert.deepEqual(called, [1, 2, 3]));
+  });
+
+  it('should throw if next() is called multiple times', () => {
+    return compose([
+      async(ctx, next) => {
+        await next();
+        await next();
+      }
+    ])({}).then(() => {
+      throw new Error('boom');
+    }, err => {
+      assert(/multiple times/.test(err.message));
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return a valid middleware', () => {
+    let val = 0;
+    return compose([
+      compose([
+        (ctx, next) => {
+          val++;
+          return next();
+        },
+        (ctx, next) => {
+          val++;
+          return next();
+        }
+      ]),
+      (ctx, next) => {
+        val++;
+        return next();
+      }
+    ])({}).then(() => {
+      assert.strictEqual(val, 3);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return last return value', () => {
+    const stack = [];
+
+    stack.push(async(context, next) => {
+      let val = await next();
+      assert.strictEqual(val, 2);
+      return 1;
+    });
+
+    stack.push(async(context, next) => {
+      const val = await next();
+      assert.strictEqual(val, 0);
+      return 2;
+    });
+
+    const next = () => 0;
+    return compose(stack)({}, next).then(val => {
+      assert.strictEqual(val, 1);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not affect the original middleware array', () => {
+    const middleware = [];
+    const fn1 = (ctx, next) => {
+      return next();
+    };
+    middleware.push(fn1);
+
+    for (const fn of middleware) {
+      assert.equal(fn, fn1);
+    }
+
+    compose(middleware);
+
+    for (const fn of middleware) {
+      assert.equal(fn, fn1);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should not get stuck on the passed in next', () => {
+    const middleware = [(ctx, next) => {
+      ctx.middleware++;
+      return next();
+    }];
+    const ctx = {
+      middleware: 0,
+      next: 0
+    };
+
+    return compose(middleware)(ctx, (ctx, next) => {
+      ctx.next++;
+      return next();
+    }).then(() => {
+      assert.strictEqual(ctx.middleware, 1);
+      assert.strictEqual(ctx.next, 1);
+    });
+  });
+});