Bunyan is a simple and fast a JSON logging library for node.js services and a bunyan CLI tool for nicely viewing those logs).

Server logs should be structured. JSON's a good format. Let's do that: a log record is one line of JSON.stringify'd output. Let's also specify some common names for the requisite and common fields for a log record (see below).

Also: log4j is way more than you need.

Current Status

Solid core functionality is there. Joyent is using this for a number of production services. Bunyan supports node 0.6 and greater.

Follow @trentmick for updates to Bunyan.

See also: Bunyan for Bash.

Installation

npm install bunyan

Usage

The usual. All loggers must provide a "name". This is somewhat akin to log4j logger "name", but Bunyan doesn't do hierarchical logger names.

$ cat hi.js
var Logger = require('bunyan');
var log = new Logger({name: "myapp"});
log.info("hi");

Alternatively, bunyan 0.7.0 and up supports a more node.js-land typical style (which might become the preferred form over time):

var bunyan = require('bunyan');
var log = bunyan.createLogger({name: "myapp"});

Log records are JSON. "hostname", "time" and "v" (the Bunyan log format version) are added for you.

$ node hi.js
{"name":"myapp","hostname":"banana.local","pid":123,"level":2,"msg":"hi","time":"2012-01-31T00:07:44.216Z","v":0}

The full log.{trace|debug|...|fatal}(...) API is:

log.info();     // Returns a boolean: is the "info" level enabled?

log.info('hi');                     // Log a simple string message.
log.info('hi %s', bob, anotherVar); // Uses `util.format` for msg formatting.

log.info({foo: 'bar'}, 'hi');       // Adds "foo" field to log record.

log.info(err);  // Special case to log an `Error` instance, adds "err"
                // key with exception details (including the stack) and
                // sets "msg" to the exception message.
log.info(err, 'more on this: %s', more);
                // ... or you can specify the "msg".

Note that this implies you cannot pass any object as the first argument to log it. IOW, log.info(myobject) isn't going to work the way you expect. Adding support for this API would necessitate (a) JSON-ifying safely that given object (sometimes hard, and probably slow) and (b) putting all its attribs under a top-level 'x' field name or something to avoid field name collisions.

bunyan tool

A bunyan tool is provided for pretty-printing bunyan logs and, eventually, for filtering (e.g. | bunyan -c 'level>3'). This shows the default output (which is fluid right now) and indented-JSON output. More output formats will be added, including support for custom formats.

$ node hi.js | ./bin/bunyan  # CLI tool to filter/pretty-print JSON logs.
[2012-01-31T00:08:11.387Z] INFO: myapp on banana.local/123: hi

$ node hi.js | ./bin/bunyan -o json
{
  "name": "myapp",
  "hostname": "banana.local",
  "pid": 123,
  "level": 2,
  "msg": "hi",
  "time": "2012-01-31T00:10:00.676Z",
  "v": 0
}

streams

By default, log output is to stdout (stream) and at the "info" level. Explicitly that looks like:

var log = new Logger({name: "myapp", stream: process.stdout,
  level: "info"});

That is an abbreviated form for a single stream. You can define multiple streams at different levels.

var log = new Logger({
  name: "amon",
  streams: [
    {
      level: "info",
      stream: process.stdout, // log INFO and above to stdout
    },
    {
      level: "error",
      path: "tmp/error.log"   // log ERROR and above to a file
    }
  ]
});

More on streams in the "Streams" section below.

log.child

A log.child(...) is provided to specialize a logger for a sub-component. The following will have log records from "Wuzzle" instances use exactly the same config as its parent, plus include the "component" field.

var log = new Logger(...);

...

function Wuzzle(options) {
  this.log = options.log;
  this.log.info("creating a wuzzle")
}
Wuzzle.prototype.woos = function () {
  this.log.warn("This wuzzle is woosey.")
}

var wuzzle = new Wuzzle({log: log.child({component: "wuzzle"})});
wuzzle.woos();
log.info("done with the wuzzle")

The node-restify framework integrates bunyan. One feature of its integration, is that each restify request handler includes a req.log logger that is:

log.child({req_id: <unique request id>}, true)

Apps using restify can then use req.log and have all such log records include the unique request id (as "req_id"). Handy.

serializers

Bunyan has a concept of "serializers" to produce a JSON-able object from a JavaScript object, so you can easily do the following:

log.info({req: <request object>}, "something about handling this request");

Association is by log record field name, "req" in this example, so this requires a registered serializer something like this:

function reqSerializer(req) {
  return {
    method: req.method,
    url: req.url,
    headers: req.headers
  }
}
var log = new Logger({
  ...
  serializers: {
    req: reqSerializer
  }
});

Or this:

var log = new Logger({
  ...
  serializers: {req: Logger.stdSerializers.req}
});

because Buyan includes a small set of standard serializers. To use all the standard serializers you can use:

var log = new Logger({
  ...
  serializers: Logger.stdSerializers
});

Note: Your own serializers should never throw, otherwise you'll get an ugly message on stderr from Bunyan (along with the traceback) and the field in your log record will be replaced with a short error message.

src

The source file, line and function of the log call site can be added to log records by using the src: true config option:

var log = new Logger({src: true, ...});

This adds the call source info with the 'src' field, like this:

{
  "name": "src-example",
  "hostname": "banana.local",
  "pid": 123,
  "component": "wuzzle",
  "level": 4,
  "msg": "This wuzzle is woosey.",
  "time": "2012-02-06T04:19:35.605Z",
  "src": {
    "file": "/Users/trentm/tm/node-bunyan/examples/src.js",
    "line": 20,
    "func": "Wuzzle.woos"
  },
  "v": 0
}

WARNING: Determining the call source info is slow. Never use this option in production.

Levels

The log levels in bunyan are as follows. The level descriptions are best practice opinions.

• "fatal" (60): The service/app is going to stop or become unusable now. An operator should definitely look into this soon.
• "error" (50): Fatal for a particular request, but the service/app continues servicing other requests. An operator should look at this soon(ish).
• "warn" (40): A note on something that should probably be looked at by an operator eventually.
• "info" (30): Detail on regular operation.
• "debug" (20): Anything else, i.e. too verbose to be included in "info" level.
• "trace" (10): Logging from external libraries used by your app or very detailed application logging.

Suggestions: Use "debug" sparingly. Information that will be useful to debug errors post mortem should usually be included in "info" messages if it's generally relevant or else with the corresponding "error" event. Don't rely on spewing mostly irrelevant debug messages all the time and sifting through them when an error occurs.

Integers are used for the actual level values (10 for "trace", ..., 60 for "fatal") and constants are defined for the (Logger.TRACE ... Logger.DEBUG). The lowercase level names are aliases supported in the API.

Here is the API for changing levels in an existing logger:

log.level() -> INFO   // gets current level (lowest level of all streams)

log.level(INFO)       // set all streams to level INFO
log.level("info")     // set all streams to level INFO

log.levels() -> [DEBUG, INFO]   // get array of levels of all streams
log.levels(0) -> DEBUG          // get level of stream at index 0
log.levels("foo")               // get level of stream with name "foo"

log.levels(0, INFO)             // set level of stream 0 to INFO
log.levels(0, "info")           // can use "info" et al aliases
log.levels("foo", WARN)         // set stream named "foo" to WARN

Log Record Fields

This section will describe rules for the Bunyan log format: field names, field meanings, required fields, etc. However, a Bunyan library doesn't strictly enforce all these rules while records are being emitted. For example, Bunyan will add a time field with the correct format to your log records, but you can specify your own. It is the caller's responsibility to specify the appropriate format.

The reason for the above leniency is because IMO logging a message should never break your app. This leads to this rule of logging: a thrown exception from log.info(...) or equivalent (other than for calling with the incorrect signature) is always a bug in Bunyan.

A typical Bunyan log record looks like this:

{"name":"myserver","hostname":"banana.local","pid":123,"req":{"method":"GET","url":"/path?q=1#anchor","headers":{"x-hi":"Mom","connection":"close"}},"level":3,"msg":"start request","time":"2012-02-03T19:02:46.178Z","v":0}

Pretty-printed:

{
  "name": "myserver",
  "hostname": "banana.local",
  "pid": 123,
  "req": {
    "method": "GET",
    "url": "/path?q=1#anchor",
    "headers": {
      "x-hi": "Mom",
      "connection": "close"
    },
    "remoteAddress": "120.0.0.1",
    "remotePort": 51244
  },
  "level": 3,
  "msg": "start request",
  "time": "2012-02-03T19:02:57.534Z",
  "v": 0
}

Core fields:

• v: Required. Integer. Added by Bunion. Cannot be overriden. This is the Bunyan log format version (require('bunyan').LOG_VERSION). The log version is a single integer. 0 is until I release a version "1.0.0" of node-bunyan. Thereafter, starting with 1, this will be incremented if there is any backward incompatible change to the log record format. Details will be in "CHANGES.md" (the change log).
• level: Required. Integer. Added by Bunion. Cannot be overriden. See the "Levels" section.
• name: Required. String. Provided at Logger creation. You must specify a name for your logger when creating it. Typically this is the name of the service/app using Bunyan for logging.
• hostname: Required. String. Provided or determined at Logger creation. You can specify your hostname at Logger creation or it will be retrieved vi os.hostname().
• pid: Required. Integer. Filled in automatically at Logger creation.
• time: Required. String. Added by Bunion. Can be overriden. The date and time of the event in ISO 8601 Extended Format format and in UTC, as from Date.toISOString().
• msg: Required. String. Every log.debug(...) et al call must provide a log message.
• src: Optional. Object giving log call source info. This is added automatically by Bunyan if the "src: true" config option is given to the Logger. Never use in production as this is really slow.

Go ahead and add more fields, and nest ones are fine (and recommended) as well. This is why we're using JSON. Some suggestions and best practices follow (feedback from actual users welcome).

Recommended/Best Practice Fields:

• err: Object. A caught JS exception. Log that thing with log.info(err) to get:

  ...
  "err": {
    "message": "boom",
    "name": "TypeError",
    "stack": "TypeError: boom\n    at Object.<anonymous> ..."
  },
  "msg": "boom",
  ...
  

  Or use the Logger.stdSerializers.err serializer in your Logger and do this log.error({err: err}, "oops"). See "examples/err.js".

• req_id: String. A request identifier. Including this field in all logging tied to handling a particular request to your server is strongly suggested. This allows post analysis of logs to easily collate all related logging for a request. This really shines when you have a SOA with multiple services and you carry a single request ID from the top API down through all APIs (as node-restify facilitates with its 'X-Request-Id' header).

• req: An HTTP server request. Bunyan provides Logger.stdSerializers.req to serialize a request with a suggested set of keys. Example:

    {
      "method": "GET",
      "url": "/path?q=1#anchor",
      "headers": {
        "x-hi": "Mom",
        "connection": "close"
      },
      "remoteAddress": "120.0.0.1",
      "remotePort": 51244
    }
  

• res: An HTTP server response. Bunyan provides Logger.stdSerializers.res to serialize a response with a suggested set of keys. Example:

    {
      "statusCode": 200,
      "header": "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n"
    }
  

Other fields to consider:

• req.username: Authenticated user (or for a 401, the user attempting to auth).
• Some mechanism to calculate response latency. "restify" users will have a "X-Response-Time" header. A latency custom field would be fine.
• req.body: If you know that request bodies are small (common in APIs, for example), then logging the request body is good.

Streams

A "stream" is Bunyan's name for an output for log messages (the equivalent to a log4j Appender). Ultimately Bunyan uses a Writable Stream interface, but there are some additional attributes used to create and manage the stream. A Bunyan Logger instance has one or more streams. In general streams are specified with the "streams" option:

var Logger = require('bunyan');
var log = new Logger({
  name: "foo",
  streams: [
    {
        stream: process.stderr,
        level: "debug"
    },
    ...
  ]
})

For convenience, if there is only one stream, it can specified with the "stream" and "level" options (internal converted to a Logger.streams):

var log = new Logger({
  name: "foo",
  stream: process.stderr,
  level: "debug"
})

If none are specified, the default is a stream on process.stdout at the "info" level.

Logger.streams is an array of stream objects with the following attributes:

• type: One of "stream", "file" or "raw". See below. Often this is implied from the other arguments.
• path: A file path for a file stream. If path is given and type is not specified, then type will be set to "file".
• stream: This is the "Writable Stream", e.g. a std handle or an open file write stream. If stream is given and type is not specified, then type will be set to "stream".
• level: The level at which logging to this stream is enabled. If not specified it defaults to INFO.

Supported stream types are:

• stream: A plain ol' node.js Writable Stream. A "stream" (the writeable stream) value is required.

• file: A "path" argument is given. Bunyan will open this file for appending. E.g.:

    {
      "path": "/var/log/foo.log",
      "level": "warn"
    }
  

  Bunyan re-emits error events from the created WriteStream. So you can do this:

    var log = new Logger({name: 'mylog', streams: [{path: LOG_PATH}]});
    log.on('error', function (err, stream) {
        // Handle stream write or create error here.
    });
  

• raw: Similar to a "stream" writeable stream, except that the write method is given raw log record Objects instead of a JSON-stringified string. This can be useful for hooking on further processing to all Bunyan logging: pushing to an external service, a RingBuffer (see below), etc.

RingBuffer Stream

Bunyan comes with a special stream called a RingBuffer which keeps the last N records in memory and does not write the data anywhere else. One common strategy is to log 'info' and higher to a normal log file but log all records (including 'trace') to a ringbuffer that you can access via a debugger, or your own HTTP interface, or a post-mortem facility like MDB or node-panic.

To use a RingBuffer:

/* Create a ring buffer that stores the last 100 records. */
var bunyan = require('bunyan');
var ringbuffer = new bunyan.RingBuffer({ limit: 100 });
var log = new bunyan({
    name: 'foo',
    streams: [
        {
            level: 'info',
            stream: process.stdout
        },
        {
            level: 'trace',
            type: 'raw',    // use 'raw' to get raw log record objects
            stream: ringbuffer
        }
    ]
});

log.info('hello world');
console.log(ringbuffer.records);

This example emits:

[ { name: 'foo',
    hostname: '912d2b29',
    pid: 50346,
    level: 30,
    msg: 'hello world',
    time: '2012-06-19T21:34:19.906Z',
    v: 0 } ]

DTrace support

On systems that support DTrace (e.g., MacOS, FreeBSD, illumos derivatives like SmartOS and OmniOS), Bunyan will create a DTrace provider (bunyan) that makes available the following probes:

log-trace
log-debug
log-info
log-warn
log-error
log-fatal

Each of these probes has a single argument: the string that would be written to the log. Note that when a probe is enabled, it will fire whenever the corresponding function is called, even if the level of the log message is less than that of any stream.

DTrace examples

Trace all log messages coming from any Bunyan module on the system. (The -x strsize=4k is to raise dtrace's default 256 byte buffer size because log messages are longer than typical dtrace probes.)

dtrace -x strsize=4k -qn 'bunyan*:::log-*{printf("%d: %s: %s", pid, probefunc, copyinstr(arg0))}'

Trace all log messages coming from the "wuzzle" component:

dtrace -x strsize=4k -qn 'bunyan*:::log-*/strstr(this->str = copyinstr(arg0), "\"component\":\"wuzzle\"") != NULL/{printf("%s", this->str)}'

Aggregate debug messages from process 1234, by message:

dtrace -x strsize=4k -n 'bunyan1234:::log-debug{@[copyinstr(arg0)] = count()}'

On systems that support the jstack action via a node.js helper, get a stack backtrace for any debug message that includes the string "danger!":

dtrace -x strsize=4k -qn 'log-debug/strstr(copyinstr(arg0), "danger!") != NULL/{printf("\n%s", copyinstr(arg0)); jstack()}'

Output of the above might be:

{"name":"foo","hostname":"763bf293-d65c-42d5-872b-4abe25d5c4c7.local","pid":12747,"level":20,"msg":"danger!","time":"2012-10-30T18:28:57.115Z","v":0}

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          DTraceProviderBindings.node`usdt_fire_probe+0x32
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          DTraceProviderBindings.node`_ZN4node11DTraceProbe4FireERKN2v89ArgumentsE+0x77
          << internal code >>
          (anon) as (anon) at /root/node-bunyan/lib/bunyan.js position 40484
          << adaptor >>
          (anon) as doit at /root/my-prog.js position 360
          (anon) as list.ontimeout at timers.js position 4960
          << adaptor >>
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          node`_ZN2v88internalL6InvokeEbNS0_6HandleINS0_10JSFunctionEEENS1_INS0_6ObjectEEEiPS5_Pb+0x101
          node`_ZN2v88internal9Execution4CallENS0_6HandleINS0_6ObjectEEES4_iPS4_Pbb+0xcb
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          node`_ZN4node12MakeCallbackEN2v86HandleINS0_6ObjectEEENS1_INS0_6StringEEEiPNS1_INS0_5ValueEEE+0x66
          node`_ZN4node9TimerWrap9OnTimeoutEP10uv_timer_si+0x63
          node`uv__run_timers+0x66
          node`uv__run+0x1b
          node`uv_run+0x17
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          DTraceProviderBindings.node`_ZN4node11DTraceProbe4FireERKN2v89ArgumentsE+0x77
          << internal code >>
          (anon) as (anon) at /root/node-bunyan/lib/bunyan.js position 40484
          << adaptor >>
          (anon) as doit at /root/my-prog.js position 360
          (anon) as list.ontimeout at timers.js position 4960
          << adaptor >>
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          << entry >>
          node`_ZN2v88internalL6InvokeEbNS0_6HandleINS0_10JSFunctionEEENS1_INS0_6ObjectEEEiPS5_Pb+0x101
          node`_ZN2v88internal9Execution4CallENS0_6HandleINS0_6ObjectEEES4_iPS4_Pbb+0xcb
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          node`_ZN4node9TimerWrap9OnTimeoutEP10uv_timer_si+0x63
          node`uv__run_timers+0x66
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Versioning

The scheme I follow is most succintly described by the bootstrap guys here.

tl;dr: All versions are <major>.<minor>.<patch> which will be incremented for breaking backward compat and major reworks, new features without breaking change, and bug fixes, respectively.

License

MIT.

Future

See "TODO.md".